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InkSoul 2023-06-30 23:23:57 +08:00
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@ -303,12 +303,79 @@ date: 2022-08-18T15:53:40+08:00
![](../../images/system_boot_pic.jpg)
### 启动过程
* 启动过程
1. CPU加电CS:IP指向FFFF0H
2. 执行JMP指令跳转到BIOS
3. 登记BIOS中断例程入口地址
4. 硬件自检
5. 进行操作系统引导
### 引导流程
* 引导流程
1. CPU从一个特定主存地址开始取指令执行ROM中的引导程序
2. 将磁盘的第一块主引导记录读入内存,执行磁盘引导程序,扫描分区表
3. 从活动主区(主分区)读入分区引导记录,执行其中的程序
4. 从根目录下找到完整的操作系统初始化程序并执行,完成开机的一系列操作
* 加电启动过程中执行程序的过程
* 自检程序
* 引导装入程序/自举装入程序
* 位于ROM作为BIOS的组成部分
* 用于启动具体的设备
* 引导程序
* 位于装有操作系统硬盘的活动分区的引导扇区的程序
* 用于引导操作系统
* 操作系统
* 被装入RAM中
-----------
## 虚拟机
使用虚拟化技术将一台物理机器虚化为多台虚拟机器VM每个虚拟机器都可用于独立运行一个操作系统
| | 第一类VMM(例WSL) | 第二类VMMVMWare |
|---|---|---|
|对物理资源的控制权 | 直接运行在硬件之上,能直接控制和分配物理资源 | 运行在Host OS之上依赖于Host OS 为其分配物理资源 |
| 资源分配方式 | 安装Guest OS时VMM要在原本的硬盘上自行分配存储空间类似于外核的分配方式分配未经抽象的物理硬件 | Guest OS 拥有自己的虚拟磁盘该盘实际上是Host OS文件系统的一个大文件Guest OS分配到的内存是虚拟内存 |
| 性能 | 性能更好 | 性能更差需要Host OS作为中介 |
| 可支持的虚拟机数量 | 更多不需要和Host OS竞争资源相同的硬件资源可以支持更多的虚拟机 | 更少Host OS 本身需要使用物理资源Host OS上运行的其他进程也需要物理资源 |
| 虚拟机的可迁移性 | 更差 | 更好只需导出虚拟机镜像文件即可迁移到另一台Host OS上商业化应用更广泛 |
| 运行模式 | 运行在最高特权级Ring 0 )可以执行最高特权的指令 | 部分运行在用户态部分运行在内核态Guest OS发出的系统调用会被VMM截获转化为VMM对Host OS的系统调用 |
## 操作系统运行的环境
### 处理器运行的机制
* 程序运行原理
* 高级语言编写代码,转换为机器指令
* 程序运行过程就是CPU执行指令的过程
* 两种程序
* 内核程序
* 应用程序
* 两种指令
* 特权指令:不允许用户直接使用的指令
* 对I/O设备操作指令
* 获取特殊寄存器的指令
* 有关访问程序状态的指令
* 置中断指令
* 关中断指令
* 清内存指令
* 置时钟指令
* 非特权指令:允许用户直接使用的指令,不能直接访问系统中的软硬件资源,只限于访问用户的地址空间
* 访管/trap指令
* 两种处理器状态
* 核心态【管态】
* 时钟管理相关指令【置时钟指令】
* 中断机制相关的指令【时钟中断程序】
* 原语相关的指令
* 系统控制的数据结构与处理【进程调度程序】【进程切换】【缺页处理程序】【系统调用命令】
* 用户态【目态】
* 命令解释程序【属命令接口,面向用户】
* 访管/Trap指令跳转指令压栈指令
* 广义指令(系统调用)的调用
* 外部中断,缺页
* 改变处理器状态
* 内核态$/to$用户态 发生在中断返回用户程序是需要一条修改PSW程序状态字的特权命令
* 用户态$/to$内核态 发生在中断时,通过硬件完成
* 状态区分目的: 保护系统程序

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